Never let me go book report free essay sample

Never let me go by Kazuo Ishiguro is about a group of human clones in a dystopian society raised only to become organ donors. The plot creates controversy. In the book, the clones are presented as sub-human and not permitted to be considered as equal to regular humans. Thus, it becomes acceptable for them to die a short life in order for others to live a longer one. It is here where we become aware of one theme, the poor treatment of those we believe to be beneath us in order to get ahead in the world. Another theme we can find in the book is that of conformity. We find that many times the characters seem accept their fate, without really putting up much of a struggle. They all seem to accept their fate as donors and the inevitability of their demise at 30 years old. This is especially present in today’s society, as many people would rather be seen as normal than abnormal and subsequently sticking to the status quo. We will write a custom essay sample on Never let me go book report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My favorite theme in the novel and the one I will be expanding on is the identity crisis the main characters and mostly the clones have throughout the book. This part of the novel I feel really relates to the real world and how a lot of individuals struggle to become their own person. Often looking in other places to blend into their personalities. These themes become coherent through Kathy’s eyes. As the main protagonist of the book, never actually becoming permanently attached to the situation many times only describing her observations and analysis of it. Then moving on to the next phase in her life. This theme resonates within me, since I have gone through the same identity crisis at some point of my life and often forget who I am in some circumstances. I also feel that the most part of the world has also experienced this. This does not only pertain to individuals, but can also be applied to countries as well. The main theme I’d like to discuss is the identity crisis experienced by many characters within the book. Kathys identity search is motivated by feelings of being alone in her own outlook. The sexual desires she experiences as young women upset her when she can not get validation from Ruth, another main character in the novel, that they are common. Ruth, seen as a social leader in the group, shows confidence but is in fact insecure of who she really is. Through Kathy’s eyes we perceive how Ruth often copies  her mannerism from older clones and television characters. Ruth relies much on others to define her own identity. Even Tommy, who acknowledges who he is, but has trouble believing it since he thinks others do not think the same. There are many passages in the book that implies this theme. Ruth states on page 120-121 in last paragraph, â€Å"There was something I noticed about these veteran couples at the cottages†¦ and this was how so many of their mannerisms were copied from the television†¦ the way they gestured to each other, sat together on sofas, even the way they argued and stormed out of rooms. † Even other characters notice this and try to fix the status quo. Miss Lucy, a guardian for the clones, tells them on page 80, â€Å"If you’re to live decent lives, you have to know who you are and what lies ahead of you, every one of you. † The first quote shows how people that do not know who they are and are hard press to find a way to individualize themselves may look to outside sources. The characters are in search of what makes them different from other clones and even the person they are cloned from. They hope to find a reason for their existence, much like citizens in the real world do. Countries also do this in a way. It could be by individual motivation or external influence. Smaller 3rd World Countries will try to model themselves after 1st world Countries believing they will share in the same success. This causes an identity crisis for their country. They have their own culture that separates them from the rest, but yet modeling themselves like another could alter the culture and lead to a lost in identity. This type of phenomena has happen in the past and could happen again. This topic brings up many questions in my mind. How the larger 1st world country influences the identity of a 3rd world country? I feel if the more powerful country really wanted too, they could have the 3rd world country model themselves after the 1st world. Which I think is what often happens, so they can more influence in structure of the world. How does one create their own identity is another question I would ask. If allowed to without any outside influences, what identity would a person or a country take on? I’d like to comprehend what having an identity really means.

Learn How to Calculate Molarity of a Solution

Learn How to Calculate Molarity of a Solution Molarity is a unit of concentration, measuring the number of moles of a solute per liter of solution. The strategy for solving molarity problems is fairly simple. This outlines a straightforward method to calculate the  molarity of a solution. The key to calculating molarity is to remember the units of molarity (M): moles per liter. Find the molarity by calculating the number of moles of the solute dissolved in liters of a solution. Sample Molarity Calculation Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 23.7 grams of KMnO4 into enough water to make 750 mL of solution. This example has neither the moles nor liters needed to find molarity, so you must find the number of moles of the solute first. To convert grams to moles, the molar mass of the solute is needed, which can be found on  certain  periodic tables.​ Molar mass of K 39.1 gMolar mass of Mn 54.9 gMolar mass of O 16.0 gMolar mass of KMnO4 39.1 g 54.9 g (16.0 g x 4)Molar mass of KMnO4 158.0 g Use this number to convert grams to moles. moles of KMnO4 23.7 g KMnO4 x (1 mol KMnO4/158 grams KMnO4)moles of KMnO4 0.15 moles KMnO4 Now the liters of solution is needed. Keep in mind, this is the total volume of the solution, not the volume of solvent used to dissolve the solute. This example is prepared with enough water to make 750 mL of solution. Convert 750 mL to liters. Liters of solution mL of solution x (1 L/1000 mL)Liters of solution 750 mL x (1 L/1000 mL)Liters of solution 0.75 L This is enough to calculate the molarity. Molarity moles solute/Liter solutionMolarity 0.15 moles of KMnO4/0.75 L of solutionMolarity 0.20 M The molarity of this solution is 0.20 M (moles per liter). Quick Review How To Calculate Molarity To calculate molarity: Find the number of moles of solute dissolved in solution, Find the volume of solution in liters, andDivide moles solute by liters solution. Make certain to use the correct number of significant figures when reporting your answer. One easy way to track the number of significant digits is to write all your numbers in scientific notation.

English Registered Land Law (problem Q'n) Essay

English Registered Land Law (problem Q'n) - Essay Example Is she going to contest the problems or is she going to live with it Let us take a close look at the problems that might plague Pamela. Issue 1 1 Brian's twin brother, Robert, had contributed one third of the purchase price when Brian bought the house with the intention of living there with his brother and an express trust was drawn up confirming Robert's interest. However, Robert was often in and out of prison for offences such as burglary and shoplifting and was in prison at the time Brian sold the house to Pamela. In this issue it is clear that Robert is not aware of the sale deed executed by Brian, since Robert is in prison. Also, Brian is the sole proprietor of the Brampton House. Brian, as mentioned has entered into an 'express trust' with his brother. Through this 'express trust' Robert can live in the house and not claim anything legally. Hence Brian selling the house to Pamela is legally valid and the sale deed asserts the fact that Pamela is the bona fide buyer and Brian is the bona fide seller. The 'express trust' executed between the brothers is not a legal instrument and hence not legally binding on the executed sale deed. Under these conditions Robert cannot hold Pamela to ransom nor can he ask Brian for his share of the money; got from the sale. It is up to Brian to give Robert, if at all he wishes, any share. Basically it is a problem between the brothers and will not Pamela's stance as present owner of Brampton House. Issue 2 Philippa claims that on 1 September 2007 Brian let a room in the house to commence on 1 February 2008 when she is due to start work as a senior manager at a major department store in the area. Philippa's claim of being part of Brampton House as a tenant is valid - under the Tenancy Act prevailing at the time and place when the house was sold to Pamela. Pamela has to honour the agreement entered between Brian and Philippa. This is subject to a written agreement between Brian and Philippa. We are made to assume that there exists such an agreement. If there was no such written agreement and it was only an oral arrangement that was discussed between Brian and Philippa, then Philippa cannot do anything now; under the present ownership of the house. Hence Philippa will be a headache for Pamela depending on what Philippa has to prove. Issue 3 Natasha, a neighbour and a friend of Brian's, maintains that in August 2007, Brian entered into an agreement with her that she could use a path across the garden of Brampton House in order to take a shortcut to the main road and thereby reach the local gym far more quickly. Here, 'Brian entered into an agreement with her' is assumed to be a written agreement. In such a scenario, Natasha has a 'right of passage' through Brampton House irrespective of the owner. She can use the path that runs through the garden and continue to go to the local gym and Pamela cannot object to it. But this 'right of passage' will be confined only to Natasha and will not be binding on any of her friends or relatives and or legal heirs. On the contrary if there was no such written agreement between Brian and Natasha then Natasha can still continue to use the path to reach her gym, provided Natasha can prove that she has been using the path for many years. It may be so, since Natasha is a neighbour of Brampton House, irrespective of t

Case studies (local private college ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case studies (local private college ) - Essay Example The college does not receive any direct financial assistance from the federal government, but many of its students receive financial assistance in the form of Pell Grants, Direct Student Loans, and other federal student loans. Enrollment at the college is approximately 52% male and 48% female. Women's athletics teams at the college first reached varsity status in the early 1970s and continued to expand in number throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Women's softball was elevated from club to varsity status in 1985. Currently, women comprise approximately 39% of the athletes participating in varsity sports. After the budget cuts take effect, it is expected that women will comprise 38% of the college's participating varsity athletes. Since the announcement of the college's budget cuts, five of the thirteen members of this year's women's softball team have announced that they intend to transfer to other colleges. Although the men's swim team is among those teams that the college intends to el iminate, the women's varsity swim team, which has over 25 members, will be retained. 1. 1. Is the college subject to the requirements of Title IX (does it receive federal financial assistance) If so, is its athletic program subject to the requirements of Title IX Title IX protects people from discrimination based on sex in education programs or activities that receive federal financial assistance. Title IX states "No person in the United States shall on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance." Title IX, in relevant part, prohibits all public and private colleges and universities that receive federal funding from discriminating on the basis of sex in their intercollegiate athletics programs. Since most colleges and universities receive federal funds-most commonly through financial aid to students-nearly all must comply with Title IX (Education, 2007). Thus here, the athletic program subject to the requirements of Ti tle IX. 2. Has the college complied with Title IX's requirement that it effectively accommodate the interests and abilities of women students Title IX does not require identical athletics programs for males and females. Under Title IX, one team is not compared to the same team in each sport. OCR examines the total program afforded to male student-athletes and the total program afforded to female student-athletes and determines whether each program meets the standards of equal treatment. Title IX does not require that each team receive exactly the same services and supplies. Rather, Title IX requires that the men and women's program receive the similar/comparable level of service, facilities, supplies and etc. Variations within the men and women's program are allowed, as long as the variations are justified on a nondiscriminatory basis. Here, based upon the percentages presented in the Problem, 18, there appears to be no violation of Title IX. 3. On which of OCR's three "benchmarks" for measuring effective accommodation of student athletes' interests and abilities might the college base its defense What arguments could the college raise under each The issue here is a relatively simple one to wit:

Critique of a research nursing article Assignment

Critique of a research nursing article - Assignment Example 2008). The article critique will also assess its design (qualitative), which the authors cite to have utilized in this study with the intention of establishing its relevance to the purpose stated (Weinstein, Colin & Tony, 2003). This is because research in nursing similar to other fields usually seeks to devise effective ways meant to ensure patients’ welfare as well as improving service delivery’s quality (Polit and Beck, 2008). This is via utilizing evidence-based research, which presently numerous scholars have immensely utilized in ensuring medical field’s service delivery is up to date (Polit and Beck, 2008). The assessment of this article has proved the article still upholds its logic. This is via being consistent with the qualitative research that compares information attained from the participants, which comprises assessing people’s perceptions regarding both Interprofessional Working (IPW) and Interprofessional Learning (IPL) (Pollard, Miers & Gil christ, 2005). Additionally, the critiquing method of this article besides utilizing varied approaches, it assumes Cormack framework. This encompasses detailed analysis of each section making up the entire study’s content (Caldwell, Henshaw & Taylor, 2005). 2. ... ’s design used in this task entails studying people’s experiences and receiving feedbacks concerning both Interprofessional Learning and Interprofessional Working from diverse medical practitioners each representing chosen posts (Thannhauser, 2010). The design is consistent with the entire study’s purpose, whereby the required information cannot have an alternative and effective method to assume this role. Qualitative research in this task enables the assessor to engage the participants who in turn responds willingly and in a relaxed manner (Murphy & Dingwall, 2003). Hence, creating conducive environment where the subjects are capable of expressing themselves without feeling belittled or disregarded (Pollard, Miers & Rickaby, 2012). This is evident from the unstructured interviews undertaken whose core purpose entailed to ensure subjects representing varied positions in the medical field were able to express their sentiments. These interviews were in the location s, which the subjects preferred and they could feel comfortable when expressing their sentiments (Pollard, Miers & Rickaby, 2012). Besides, design allows participants to contribute in what they feel will render the entire task to be successful, hence aiding the researcher to observe their social interactions (Pollard, 2006). For illustration, while working together, participants exhibit strong boldness via questioning the inactiveness of their members who may be representing other disciplines (Pollard, Miers & Rickaby, 2012). Hence, encourage them to contribute both verbally and in actions with the intention of ascertaining the success of the entire study process. However, the collected data and its varied arguments seem to have eluded negative perceptions of the subjects towards Interprofessional

Globalisation challenges facing China

Globalisation challenges facing China The aim of this report is to identify the challenges that globalisation presents or is presenting to The Peoples Republic of China, and show Chinas reaction to these challenges. Globalisation as a whole refers to shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy. (Hill, 2009, p6). Globalisation can be looked at from a market point and also a production point. A market point referring to creating a global market place where markets that were once separated by different barriers become one. Hill (2009). Globalisation of production refers to the manipulation and taking advantage of the differences related to factors of production worldwide, for example costs of different factors may vary. This is called out sourcing of production. Hill (2009) China is a perfect example for globalisation ,with a population of 1.3 billion people and with a culture dating back 6000 years, these large numbers and strong cultural background form a both a large market and a large work force. Politically, China is governed by the CCP (Chinese Communist Party). (Kahn, 2009) China is still perceived as one of the key players to lead the world out of recession. 1.1Methodology. Secondary research has been used to compile this report. With an aim of getting academic facts about globalisation, and up to date information on China, both text books and internet sources have been used. The main text book for the research for this assignment has been International Business by Charles W.L. Hill. 2. Chinas population With just over 1.3 billion people, china has the biggest population and is the worlds largest country .As the worlds population is approximately 6.7 billion, china represents almost 20% of the worlds population . 2.1 Chinas economy. Since the introduction of the economic reforms in the late 1970s which focussed on decollectivization of agriculture, liberalization of prices, decentralization of economic production, granting more independence to state-owned business enterprises, opening up the country to foreign direct investment; chinas economy has had substantial growth. In the period of 1990-2004, its economy grew at an average rate of over 9.5%,the highest growth rate in the world. In the fiscal year of 2007, chinas GDP stood at US$3.4 trillion making it the worlds third largest economy by GDP, after the United States and Japan (CNN 2009), and in 2009 surpassed Germany becoming the 2nd largest economy in per capita terms, despite global economic slowdown. Much of the success is attributed to chinas slow and steady approach in implementing the reforms. Chinas economy is expected to to grow by 9.5 % in 2010 (The State Council Development Research Centre, a leading state think tank) From figure .2 we see that Chinas output grew by 10.3% in 2010 to, slower than its growth in the previous quarter (11.9%), but not substantially slower. Inflation also eased, going below the central banks official target of 3%. The slowdown is not necessarily bad news, chinas economy is now operating at full capacity. 3. Globalisation Globalisation is is the objective trend of economic development in the world today, featured by free flow and optimized allocation of capital, technology, information and service in the global context. It is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces and advances of science and technology, especially the revolution of information technology since the 1980s and 1990s. (H.E. Ambassador Zha Peixin At Chinese Economic Association Annual Conference (14 April, 2003)) The influence of globalization on countries at different stages of development is very different China has taken advantage of increased globalisation to promote its growth and development. over the past 30 years chinas share in world trade has increased by over 20 times . Trade dependence rose from 10 to 36%. Foreign Direct investment has increased by almost 2009 over the previous year making China the third largest recipient of FDI . According to a modular study on the synergy of FDI conducted by the Development Research Centre of the State Council, Chinas GDP recorded an average annual growth rate of 9.7% over the past 20 years, of which 2.7% was attributed to FDI. These effects of globalisation have helped the Chinese people in terms of improved lifestyle and annual income and china has been labelled the next super economic power. In 1999, the world bank and the united nations development program issued a report which points that the number of poverty stricken people is increasing in many places in the world but china is an exception. The number of rural poor reduced from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2000 and poverty incidence from 30.7% to about 3% in 2000. However, along with these numerous opportunities ,came hefty challenges. This has led Chinese government to adopt a series of strategically significant policies so as to address the challenge of economic globalization We shall look further into these challenges in the following sections 4.CHALLENGES RESPONSES OF CHINA China faces a number of challenges due to globalisation. Some of these include The growing income inequality gap between the rich and the poor. Unemployment, inflation Westernisation and the loss of strong cultural roots, and increase in corruption. Country-wide improvement of transport and communication. However, the more pressing challenges faced by china are analysed in more detail below 4.1 health and education Before the reform, Chinas two key health indicators i.e life expectancy and infant mortality were much better than average for low income countries andmiddle income countries. In the World Health Organizations (WHO) 1978 Alma Ata Conference Health For All by the Year 2000, Chinas primary health care system was featured as a model for the world. Life expectancy increased from 35 to 67 years and infant mortality dropped from more than 200 per 1000 to 42 per 1000. The health care system has gone through several rounds of market oriented reform since the 1980s. Despite high GDP growth rates in recent years, the quality of the health care system has not been improved or even been maintained in many ways. Health care costs skyrocketed 15 fold even after inflation was taken into account (from 14.32 billion yuan to 662.33 billion yuan), as more clinics and hospitals are pressured by the profit motive. Instead of continuing as a leader of health care performance, China has become a leader in the worldwide trend toward private health care financing In July 2005, the Development Research Center of the State Council released an official document admitting that market-oriented health care reform had not been a Success, According to a Peoples Daily Online report in October 2004, China plans to set up a cooperative health-care network by 2010 to enable Chinas 900 million rural residents to enjoy basic medical care.91 In May 2004, China Daily reported that the government will invest 1 billion yuan ($121 million USD) in projects to improve public health infrastructure in rural areas As with health care, education costs have skyrocketed in the last 20 years while the share of government financing has dropped significantly. In 1999, public spending on education was only 2.79 percent of GDP, in comparison to 4.38 percent of the world average. This means that the cost of education has become very high and children from rural poor families asr forced to drop out. Also, with much emphasis being put on higher learning, education is increasingly geared toward book knowledge and college entrance exams, often ignoring community conditions and needs. Education has therefore become a risky investment especially for poor countries as the chances of upward social mobility are limited March 2005, Prime Minister Wen Jiabao announced a fee-exemption policy. The policy will remove fees for 14 million students in the countrys 592 poorest counties. The plan will continue until all rural students receive a free primary education. The government also promised funds to modernize rural schools over the next five years to reflect education in urban centers-supplying technology such as satellite educational programs and educational DVDs. 4.2 Environmental degradation As an economy grows, so does its demand for resources and environmental problems arises. China mainly exports are manufactured goods, and in the process of manufacturing there is always some form of degradation or pollution done to the environment. An estimated 300million people are drinking contaminated water in china, only 20% of solid waste is properly disposed of, and only 10% of sewage is treated according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development These environmental problems are costing 7% of China GDP, and will rise to 13% if this problem is not addressed properly. In 1994, the government began a massive clean up campaign for the Huai River, one of the most polluted rivers in China. After billions of dollars were poured into the cleanup effort, the improvement of the water quality still remains an illusion The development of China has been accompanied by industrial and mining accidents, and severe ecological damage such as deforestation, desertification and soil erosion, the report says. It estimates that 2.64m sq km, or 27.5% of the countrys landmass is now becoming desertified. Some 400 million people are affected by extensive soil salination and blowing sand. This is leading to villages becoming buried, the reduced life of irrigation works and widescale respiratory diseases. (OECD,2007) Chinas air pollution increased this year for the first time since 2005, the environmental protection ministry has said, due to sandstorms, a rise in construction and industrial projects, and more cars. The explosion of private vehicles in recent years (19 percent annual growth) has increased oil consumption. The ministry found that the number of good air quality days in 113 major cities across the nation had dropped 0.3 percentage points in the first six months of the year compared with the same time last year.(physorg.com) More construction and industrial projects that started this year due to economic recovery and the rapid increase in automobiles should also be blamed, Chai Fahe, vice head of the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, told the China Daily newspaper. Theres also increased demand for oil and other fossil fuels occurs implicating a rise in carbon emissions. Both China and India are carbon hungry nations and in the past years, nations consent to purchasing carbon emissions (Carbon Offsets Daily, 2009). The Chinese government has expressed a keen interest in addressing the problem by establishing many different laws and regulation regarding the environmental protection and resources management As a solution to global warming, the Chinese president introduced the carbon intensity measure, in this, the nation is planning to decline its emissions of CO2 per unit of GDP by 2020 (BBC News, 2009). The government is hoping to promote renewable energy resource projects, such as hydroelectric, solar and wind energy, by offering financial incentives. The Chinese government has allowed the proliferation of environmental NGOs, hoping these NGOs can fill in the gap to educate the public on related issues and address the countrys pressing ecological problems. There are about 2,000 officially registered environmental NGOs, with perhaps as many registered as business enterprises, or not registered at all. Many international NGOs such as the Nature Conservancy, Conservation International, World Wildlife Fund, and Greenpeace have established offices in China. Many green NGOs have worked very closely with Chinas State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA). In December 2004, SEPA suspended the construction of about 30 large projects because they lacked the environmental impact assessment required by law 4.3 Competitors Chinas export-led economy has facilitated trading with other countries.. During the global recession prices of exports increased as a result of inflation. This gave way for other low wage countries to gain foreign direct investments from host countries that outsource labour. In 2004, several multinational companies outsourced from India and Bangladesh which offer same or even less wages than china (srinvasan 2004) china formed partnerships with its dominant economies, Brazil, india and Russia ( also known as the Big four) in order to reduce on the competition and create fairer trade conditions for the member countries. 4.4 Domestic consumption China is an export led economy and it faces the challenge of transitioning to one that depends mainly on domestic consumption. An economy cannot rely only on foreign exports for future GDP growth. Domestic demand is weak as Chinese consumption is low. Responding to the dramatic change in the economic climate, China has made a fundamental shift from over-relying on exports to boosting domestic consumption to keep its economy afloat, Chinas Vice President, Xi Jinping, calling for a new direction, argued that we must develop the economy mainly by relying on the domestic market and attach great importance to domestic demand, especially consumption demand, in driving economic development.. This may be achieved by emphasizing private consumption, keeping inflation low and sustaining a strong currency in order to keep the purchasing power of the consumer boosted. The transition, though healthy for the long-term, is unlikely to be smooth. Export-oriented factories cannot suddenly be rebuilt to serve domestic needs. 5. Conclusion Since the economic reform when china opened up its trade barriers to other countries, it has seen high levels of economic growth. Much of this success can be attributed to its large population which provided a large work force, that enabled increase in productivity making china one of the worlds leading exporters. One can reasonably say that chinas advantage in human resources has largely been liquidated. However the number of elderly has increased alongside decreasing fertility rates. leaving the government with the challenge of improving health sector so as to Higher education has increased significantly in recent years, but at the cost of basic public education for most children. One could reasonably propose that Chinas advantage in human resources has largely been liquidated. This also partly explains why Environmental degradation has also been a key setback and the government has encouraged NGOs that focus on environmental issues to sensitises the public.. Chinese environmentalists need to gain independence both financially and intellectually. The heavy dependence on international funding makes them vulnerable to political attacks. Some have been accused of being foreign agents who are trying to stop Chinas development. Instead of learning only from their western counterparts, Chinese groups need to have more exchange and communications with ecological colleagues from other developing countries China is also putting more into research and technological development in order to face the challenge of competition. They hope that by offering superior products they will continue to remain at the top of the export market. But china still has a long way to go in terms of technological development and creativity.)` China now depends so much on exports of labor-intensive products, directly competing with other developing countries. But for china to depend solely on exports is not wise so the government believes that by boosting domestic consumption, it will form a more balanced economy. Globalisation has offered china opportunities as well as challenges. And it is striving to reap benefits from the advantages while avoiding harm from the disadvantages.

Employee Compensation and Turnover Essay -- Human Resources Management

Employee Compensation and Turnover Often, "an excessively high turnover rate compared to the industry standard is a symptom of problems within the organization" (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy 1998). Managers must realize that "high staff turnover can prove costly, particularly to small businesses" (Oliver 1998). Strategies have to be crafted that will minimize turnover and the costs associated with it. Although strategies used to retain employees can be expensive, turnover is a cyclical problem that usually becomes more expensive in the long run (Brannick 1998). Costs that organizations face when employees depart include recruitment costs associated with finding replacements, selection costs associated with interviewing, relocating and screening, training costs and separation costs such as severance pay (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin, & Cardy 1998). Managers can reward employees with tangible or intangible compensation (Brannick 1998). Tangible compensation includes salary increases, benefits, bonuses, potential for advancement a nd stock options (Brannick 1998). The good news for managers is that there are also inexpensive strategies that can be implemented to make and keep employees happy with their jobs. Intangible compensation includes respect, feedback, recognition, the opportunity to be heard and encouragement (Armentrout 1998). All of these means of compensation can be effective if managers take the time to get to know their employees and what makes them happy. The human resource function, compensation management is at the center of all of these issues. THE EFFECTS OF TURNOVER Employee turnover rate is defined as the measure of the rate at which employees leave a firm (Gomez-Mejia, Luis, Balkin & Cardy 1998). Turnover has b... ... (1998). Controlling employee turnover [5 paragraphs]. [Online]. Available WWW:http://www.auxillium.com/staffing.htm Brannick, Joan (1998). Decreasing the staggering costs of turnover in your organization [14 paragraphs]. [Online]. Available WWW:http://www.florida-speakers.com/turnover-costs.htm Condodina, Jen, Ermel, Lauren (1997). Compensating packages changing shape. HRFocus, p.S-1. Davis, Barbara (1997). Strategies for managing retention. HRFocus, p.S-3. Gomez-Mejia, Luis, Balkin, David, Cardy, Robert (1998). Managing Human Resources, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Oliver, Judith (1998). High staff turnover- find out why your staff are leaving. Management Today, p.84. Shaw, Jason, Delery, John, Jenkins, Douglas, Gupta, Nina (1998). An organization-level analysis of voluntary and involuntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 41, p.511.